Prevalence and factors associated with restless legs syndrome among Japanese adolescents

Purpose: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sensorimotor disorder characterized by uncomfortable sensations in the lower extremities, often disrupting sleep. While numerous studies have explored genetic factors and comorbidities, comprehensive research on the underlying causes remains limited. Moreover, few studies have focused on adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of RLS among Japanese adolescents and identify associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from April to July 2024. A total of 7,187 high school students of 19 high schools in a western region of Japan were recruited. The questionnaire included questions on RLS, lifestyle, and sleep-related factors. RLS was diagnosed using a questionnaire based on the International Restless Legs Study Group criteria. Logistic regression was performed to analyze factors associated with RLS. Results: In total, 6,728 adolescents were analyzed (response rate: 93.6%). The prevalence of RLS was 4.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.6–4.6). RLS was significantly associated with ≥ 3 h of electronic device use (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.07–2.46) in boys and exercising for < 2 days per week (aOR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.37–0.90), difficulty initiating sleep (aOR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.00–2.52), and menstrual problems (aOR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.04–1.33) in girls. Conclusions: The prevalence of RLS among adolescents was higher than that among adults. Several factors associated with RLS were identified, including sleep status and lifestyle. Parents and educators need to monitor adolescents closely to detect RLS and support lifestyle adjustments.